Modular Arithmetic

One   can   always   say, ‘ it   is   7.00   p.m.’ and   the   same   fact   can   be   also   put   as   ‘ it  is   19.00 ’. If   the   truth   underlying   these   two   statements   is   understood   well, one   has  understood   ‘ modular mathematics ‘   well. The   conventional   arithmetic   is   based   on   linear   number   system   known   as   the  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ number   line’.   Modular   Arithemetic   was   introduced   by   Carl   Friedrich   Gauss   in   1801, in   his   book ‘ Disquisitiones   Arithmeticae’. (modular).   It   is   based   on   circle.   A   circle   can   be   divided   into   any   number   of   parts. Once   divided, each   part   can   be  named   as   a   number, just   like   a   clock, which   consists   of   12   divisions   and   each  division   is   numbered   progressively. Usually, the   starting   point   is   named   as ‘0’. So,the   starting   point   of   a   set   of   numbers   on   a   clock   is   ‘0’   and   not   ‘1’. Since   the  divisions  Ã‚   are 12, all   integers , positive   or   negative, which   are   multiples   of   12, will  always   be   corresponding   to   0,   on   the   clock. Hence, number   18   on   a   clock  corresponds   to   18/12 . Here   the   remainder   is   6,   so   the   answer   of   13 + 5   will   be   6 Similarly, the   same   number 18, on   a   circle   with   5   divisions   will   represent   number  3, as   3   is   the   remainder   when   18   is   divided   by   5.Some   examples   of   addition   and   multiplication   with   mod   (5): 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   6   +   5   = 11. Now   11/5   gives   remainder   1. Hence   the   answer   is   1. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   13   +   35 = 48. Now, 48/5   gives   3   as   remainder. Hence   the   answer   is   3. 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   9   +   ( -4) = 5. Now   5/5   gives   0   as   remainder. Hence   the   answer   is   0. 4)   14   +   ( – 6 ) = 8 . Now   8/5   gives   3   as   remainder. So   the   answer   is   3. Some examples of multiplication with mod ( 5 ). 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   6   X   11 = 66. Now, 66/5   gives   1   as   remainder. So   the   answer   is   1. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   13 X 8 = 104. Now   104/5   gives   4   as   remainder . So   the   answer   is   4 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   316 X – 2 = -632. Now, 632/5   gives   2 as   remainder. For negative numbers   the   calculation   is   anticlockwise. So , for negative numbers, the  answer   will   be   numbers   of   divisions   (mod)   divided   by   the   remainder.Here the   answer   will be 3. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   13 X –7 = – 91. Now, 91/5   gives 1 as remainder. But, the answer will be 5 – 1 = 4. So   the   answer   is   4. Works-cited page 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Modular, Modular Arithmetic, wikipedia the free encyclopedia, 2006, Retrieved on   19-02-07 from < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_arithmetic> 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The entire explanation is based on a web page available at , < http://www.math.csub.edu/faculty/susan/number_bracelets/mod_arith.html> Additional   information: An   automatic   calculator   of   any   type   of   operations   with   any  numbers   in   modular   arithmetic   is   available   on   website: < http://www.math.scub.edu/faculty/susan/faculty/modular/modular.html >         

Environmental Speech Essay

My speech will be about Global warming, this is the rise in the average temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere and oceans. In 2011 the emission of carbon dioxide and was the highest it had ever been before and it had also taken a similar jump in 2012. Over all, emissions of carbon dioxide had jumped 3 percent in 2011 and in 2012 it was estimated that it had jumped another 2. 6% in 2012. Scientists are 90% sure that Humans are the cause global warming from producing greenhouse gases produced by human activity like using a car which is burning fossil fuels and also is caused deforestation. Since the early 20th century the Earth’s average temperature has increased by 0. 8 degrees centigrade. The effect of an increased temperature will result in the rise of sea levels. Global warming is strongest in the arctic and causes a more frequent occurrence of extreme weather events such as heat waves, heavy rainfall, droughts and species extinction. How do we stop Global Warming? Turning the thermostat down a few degrees can make a big difference in decreasing our carbon dioxide emissions. Replacing a regular light bulb with compact florescent lights will save you ? 15 over the life of the bulb and reduce global warming. Driving less and using public transport more often will reduce the carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels which are burnt every day from transportation vehicles. Decorating your house with plants and trees will help as they take in carbon dioxide and produce oxygen.

Walter Röhrl Takes The Porsche Panamera GTS To…

Afzal Kahn, owner of the eponymous A. Kahn Design outfit (formerly Project Kahn), has unveiled his latest creation in what has become a long line of customized luxury and high-performance cars. Treading more along the lines of sophistication and style rather than overt showiness often shown by rival tuners, A. Kahn Design’s British-based team has taken the Porsche Panamera and made it not only more visually appealing but sportier too. Afzal Kahn has re-designed many a Porsche over the years. However, the end result of the A. Kahn Design Porsche Panamera in carbon gray complete with the F1 number plate is particularly aggressive. A new wide-body styling package has been fitted, which consists of wide vented front and rear wheel arches as well as an integrated rear air dam, lower boot wing, billet aluminum side vents, and red brake calipers. As a final touch, the windows and rear tail-lights have been tinted also. But it’s not just about looks. A. Kahn Design engineers have also installed a custom stainless-steel exhaust system and lowered suspension. And those wheels you see are a set of Kahn’s own 22-inch RS600, which can be ordered in any color and is designed to fit most OEM center caps. Another unique feature of this model is the impressive interior, which has been upgraded with a blend of dark red quilted and perforated leather and a matching red speedo and rev counter. In case you’re interested, this particular Panamera is on offer for sale with a pricetag of ?86,875 (approximately $136,440). However, all of the pieces mentioned can be ordered separately from A. Kahn Design.

On the book Full steam ahead Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

On the book Full steam ahead - Essay Example ished, the manager doesn’t pause thinking ‘what to do next?’, instead he has very clear instruction or vision that helps him to make his next move. It is especially important for leaders as leaders (managers) are in the driving seat. They need to steer the machine to destination while keeping it on a safe track. If managers or employees don’t know what is the goal then leadership becomes useless. Content refers to the common-sense angle. It contains some true statements, most probably based on relevant facts. Logically, it can be true or false. Content also refers to consideration of anything (vision) at its face value. Process is the impact of the content. Process gives context to the content and drives it. Anyone can come up with a vision or a dream but to be able to have a compelling vision but one needs to have the purpose behind that vision. This is the real fuel of vision. Purpose can be anything. Your purpose can be to become the investment firm that makes more money than any other investment company or your purpose can be to have offices located at places even where giant corporates don’t have a facility. Picturing the future has both psychological and physical effects. Once this purpose is gets fused with the future-picture (the dream) possibilities become endless. And to make sure that all goes on well and the company/management doesn’t engage into something which is looked down upon by law or society, the firm needs to place core values. This is how your arsenal gets equipped with a functioning VISION. NASA did not place a man on the moon after the famous Apollo mission because its vision lacked purpose and value. A vision is created not by asking the top management of the company to simply plan out something and then announce, â€Å"Here is the vision†. A vision is created through dialogue where all important people have their say in it. The process can be related to brain-storming. Stoner, Ken Blanchard and Jesse. "The Vision Thing:

Critical analysis of color application Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critical analysis of color application - Essay Example This paper will examine the emotional effects this painting could invoke in its viewer, examine its color palette in terms of theory and cross-cultural meaning, and the color symbolism that Picasso may have been attempting to elicit. Pablo Picasso would have been very aware of the properties of color and emotion, having gone through a period in his art known as the â€Å"blue period,† where hardly any warm colors were used at all (Ravin, J. G., & Perkins, J. 2004). In his Blue Period, Picasso used blues to create a sad mood (Ravin, J. G., & Perkins, J. 2004). This is a common color-emotional association with blue, especially in English countries where a phrase â€Å"to feel blue† means to feel depressed or sad. This, however, was very likely not the intended emotional response for Jeune Fille Endormie. While blues greens and purples take a central role in the painting, both physically (as they inhabit the centre of the painting), and metaphorically as the first thing that catches the eye, it is balanced by a great deal of warm coloration, from the yellow of the arm to the burnt orange background. These colors, especially yellow, often denote energy, and can be associated with nature (Gao et. al. 20 07). Blue is often also a color associated with calmness and nature, being the color of the sky and large bodies of water (Gombrich 1977). Picasso balances this natural color use with purple, a color less-often associated with nature (Hemphill 1996). Through this lens, the primary effect of this painting is probably not one of melancholy, but perhaps relaxation. The blues, greens and purples keep the overall energy of the painting low, while the yellow, red and orange keep this low energy state from being mistaken for sadness. This is a painting that elicits relaxation as a primary emotional response. The color categories used in this painting are very tightly bound, and consequently there is a chance that

Summary of the Article - Government and Poverty Research Paper

Summary of the Article - Government and Poverty - Research Paper Example In the scenario, the author also makes a mention of the more recent American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. The author defines poverty as the dearth of the necessary resources that enable the people to meet their basic needs and extends the commensurate statistics regarding the urban, suburban and rural incidence of poverty. The author does support the extension of government aid to the deserving, while taciturnly mentioning that many people suffer from poverty because they are lazy. The writer also blames the indulgence in substance abuse like tobacco and alcohol as the reason as to why the poor remain poor. Yet, the writer again contradicts one’s assertion by saying that a great number of the poor receiving the government aid do tend to be employed. In the end, the writer conclusively asserts that the government should spend money on imparting skills and education to the poor, rather than wasting the taxpayers’ money on extending nutrition, health and housing. Overall the approach of the writer seems to be discernible against the government funding of the poverty alleviation programs. The poor tend to remain poor because they simply do not have a place in the national financial chain and many times, as said by the author, they lack the skills, education and connections to be able to fit into the national financial dynamics. Hence the government spending on the poverty alleviation programs is the most efficient way to make way for the allocation of the national wealth in favor of the impoverished segments of the society. The government has a self-interest in doing so in the sense that allowing the poverty to rise beyond a certain limit could lead to an unstable society marred by political unrest and crime (Lal & Myint 8). It is rightly said that the hungry minds are angry minds. Hence, state expenditure in poverty alleviation programs allows the government to channelize the skills, abilities and energy of poor sections of the society towards self-development and nation-building. State sponsoring of the poverty alleviation programs is not a choice but an important n ecessity and requisite. Hence, there is no scope or possibility for casting doubts on the relevance or necessity of the government spending on the poor or poverty alleviation programs. The writer himself conveyed that a majority of the poor people receiving government help does have jobs and they tend to work. Hence, the tongue in cheek assertion that the poor people are poor because they happen to be lazy is utterly nonsensical and biased. Poor people, in fact, happen to be poor because they do not have a say in the national and international policy-making procedures and frameworks, where they could chalk out the apt policies that would help them have a share in the process of wealth generation and allocation (Global Issues 1).

Technology Forecast Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Technology Forecast - Research Paper Example In this prototype that was built by the scientists, the neurons are linked together in a way that makes them appear and operate like the brain cells. When data is then fed into the assembly, the neurons are able to work in a parallel manner in solving the problem. This is unlike the normal working in various devices which is usually non parallel. Due to the ability of the assembly to function in a parallel manner it can be used to solve complex computing problems (Schmuker, Pfeil &. Nawrot, 2014). According to Schmuker, Pfeil &. Nawrot (2014) the assembly that was made is able to classify data with different features and even recognizes data which is hand written. Moreover, it was able to distinguish plant species on the basis of flowering characteristics. This is facilitated by the parallel working of the neurons. Schmuker, Pfeil &. Nawrot (2014) indicates that the design of the network architecture was based and inspired by the nervous system of insects that processes odor. The system is highly optimized for processing complex chemicals in a parallel manner. The chip with neurons that was used in the study by the scientists was manufactured by the Kirchhoff Institute for Physics in Heidelberg University. In order to understand the working of the network architecture that was developed by these scientists, it is imperative to first understand the characteristics of silicon neurons as they are the building blocks that were used it the new architecture. According to Merolla et al. (2011) silicon neurons are made by combining the principles of silicon engineering with the neuron physiological principle. When this is done an analog integrated circuit is produced. The analog circuit that is produced possesses functional characteristics similar to those of the human nerve cells (Indiveri, Chicca & Douglas, 2009). The silicon neuron is therefore able to effectively control the discharge and dynamics of the ions in a similar way that

Nursing assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Nursing assignment - Essay Example ea of wound dressing since I identified that wound dressing is a technique, and this involves high level of professional involvement and meticulousness to impart this. Apart from the principles of wound infection, wound nature, and principles of sterility, a thorough understanding of the physiology of the particular variety of wound is necessary so a standard care can be delivered to the patient. If all the principles are followed in a rigorous manner, there is no reason why a difficult wound would not heal; therefore, wound dressing has implications in patient outcome. I have observed that my skills in wound dressing have improved with practice and repeated dressings of the same wound while the patient was under my care. This indicates that practice of the principles improves the standard of the care particularly applicable to wound dressing, and the care standards may be strengthened, that is, practice may be strengthened. I have decided to reflect on my wound dressings with Joanna since reflection is a process that critically analyzes the care provided, and it would help me to find out my weaknesses and strengths. Not only that, this process of reflection would enhance my future practice (McCormack B, Manley K, Garbett R., 2004). Definitions: The professional practice of nursing, midwifery, and health visiting takes place in a context of continuous change. New researches are taking place continuously, and the evidence base of practice and learning is being enhanced in a rapid manner. Therefore, new developments and continuously being introduced in practice, influenced by factors, such as, government initiatives and improvements in medical and nursing science. Professional nurses cannot hope to practice safely, efficiently, and effectively being constantly accountable to the fact whether standards of practice have been met or not unless they engage in continuing professional development mainly to maintain up to date knowledge base to underpin that practice and

Leaders in my field of education Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Leaders in my field of education - Coursework Example For example, he personally taught all students how to plant trees, importance of planting trees, and how to take care of them. Then he gave all students a task of planting one tree each. Ever since, many students have made it their habit to regularly plant trees. â€Å"[L]eaders need to understand the phenomenon of leadership and learn effective ways of dealing with the chaos that surrounds them – to move forward, to achieve, to make progress – within and outside of their organizations† (Watt, 2009, p. 51); our middle school principal surely fits this definition. Time when leadership can be expressed more powerfully is the time of transition or crisis because these are the times when leadership is mostly absence and thus produces devastating results for an organization (Vogelsang, 2008, p. 3). Our middle school principal remained at the forefront and held himself responsible when our school’s team lost in the match with other schools. Indeed, he took some measures to coach our team better and now our team is performing much

Tube set to come to Croydon Essay Example for Free

Tube set to come to Croydon Essay Assess the costs and benefits of an extension of the tube line to Croydon Private costs can be defined as costs internal to an exchange, which are paid by an individual economic unit (i.e. producers and consumers). Examples include the price paid by the consumer and the costs facing the producer. In extending the tube line to Croydon, it is evident that there would be a huge cost to the government (e.g. capital, maintenance and operation costs). Furthermore, the cost of the research and development required to successfully engineer such a tube system in Croydon would also incur a hefty cost for the government. Private benefits can be defined as benefits internal to an exchange, which are received by an individual economic unit (i.e. producers and consumers). Examples include the gain felt by the consumer by consuming the good/service and the revenue/profit of the producer. The introduction of a tube line to Croydon would certainly benefit the government in that the sales of tickets and renting of space for shops in stations would generate huge levels of revenue, which could become profit over time. Another way in which this scheme could benefit the government is through the increased scope for advertising an extension in the tube system would create, meaning even more revenue would be generated for the government. External costs (or negative externalities) can be defined as costs from production or consumption that the price mechanism fails to take into account. They have a negative effect on a third party not involved in the economic decision and are shown by the difference between social costs and private costs. Possible negative externalities of this development include disruption to the public during construction time (i.e. sections of roads may have to be closed off while digging occurs underneath) and the pollution generated during the construction process. In the case of disruption to the public during construction, the marginal private costs faced by the producers (i.e. the construction firm and the government who commissions them) are clearly far lower than the marginal social costs (costs faced by society as a whole as a result of the pollution) where the price is P1 and the quantity is Q1 on Diagram 1, resulting in losses for the community (as shown by the divergence between marginal social benefit and marginal social cost, represented by the difference between P1 and P2. At price P2 and quantity Q2, the level (quantity) of disruption has been decreased by increasing the cost of disruption (most likely through some form of financial penalty enforced by the government). It is at this point that marginal social cost and marginal social benefit meet (i.e. are equal), as there are lower levels of disruption, and more money for the government to spend on the public. In the case of pollution, the marginal private costs faced by the producers while polluting is lower than the marginal social costs where the price is P1 and the quantity is Q1 on Diagram 2. This is clearly not a good outcome for society, as there is a difference between marginal social benefit and marginal social cost (i.e. the social cost is greater than the social benefit, represented by the difference between P1 and P2). At price P2 and quantity Q2, the quantity of pollution produced has been decreased by increasing the cost of polluting (most probably through some form of pigovian tax or financial penalty enforced by the government). It is at this point that marginal social cost and marginal social benefit meet (i.e. are equal), as there are lower levels of pollution, and more money for the government to spend on the public. External benefits (or positive externalities) can be defined as benefits from production or consumption that the price mechanism fails to take into account. They have a positive effect on a third party not involved in the economic decision and are shown by the difference between social benefits and private benefits. Possible external benefits of this development include the alleviation of congestion on existing modes of public transport (e.g. buses and trains) and the creation of employment opportunities (both short-term and long-term). In the case of the reduction in congestion, the marginal private benefits gained by producers (i.e. the private construction and maintenance firms and he government who regulates and commissions them) are met at Q1 on Diagram 3. In order to reach the social optimum in terms of reduction in congestion, the level of congestion reduction (quantity) would have to increase to Q2, which would represent the full marginal benefit that the community gains. The government would ensure congestion reduction up to Q1, where their marginal private benefit is balanced by the marginal cost of the development, construction and maintenance of the tube line. However, if the full social benefits received are taken into account, Q2 would be the optimum choice point: to get to this point, the government could possibly subsidise the use of public transport, the tube in particular. However, the government do not provide enough congestion reduction for the community to reach this social optimum at Q1. In the case of employment, the marginal private benefits gained by producers are met at Q1 on Diagram 4. In order to reach the social optimum in terms of employment, the quantity of jobs available would have to increase to Q2, which would represent the full marginal benefit that the community gains. The government would provide employment up to Q1, where their marginal private benefit is balanced by the marginal cost of the development, construction and maintenance of the tube line. However, if the full social benefits received are taken into account, Q2 would be the optimum choice point: the government do not provide enough employment opportunities for the community to reach this social optimum at Q1, as this would incur a higher marginal cost. Disruption to the public during construction may not be massive, as the majority of the construction would occur underground. However, depending on how far underground, it may not be safe for large vehicles to cross certain areas during construction. This may prevent lorries transporting goods from taking direct routes to their destinations, resulting in delays and financial losses, and mean workers find it harder to travel to work, make them more tired as they must travel for longer and thereby decreasing productivity and output. Disruption is nigh impossible to quantify and measure the cost of: the best one could do is a survey of commuters, and even this is susceptible to inaccuracies and unreliability. Pollution is a very serious problem, especially given that the world has become so environmentally aware in the face of global warming and rising sea levels, and the amount of machinery and resources such a development as the extension of the tube line would consume is substantial, meaning a great deal of pollution would be produced. As afore mentioned, the long term effects of the pollution could be the rising of the sea level, the creation of acid rain which could ruin crops and could also pollute river systems and a vast array of the bad consequences that come with pollution. The short term effects include more polluted air after the construction and development stage, which would create a lower general quality of life. However, it is also quite hard to judge successfully the extent of the cost to society that pollution produced during the construction of the tube line brings. The reduction in congestion on roads and in public transport (i.e. crowding of people on buses and trains) caused by the introduction of a tube line in Croydon would be highly noticeable, as long as the tube is seen as a viable alternative to buses, trams and trains in terms of cost and time: as long as the tube system complements the existing public transport infrastructure, the easing in congestion will be dramatic. Short term effects of this greater flow of transport would include greater commuter satisfaction and quicker transportation of goods on the roads. Long term effects would include reduction in overall pollution and greater appeal to tourists (which would in turn boost the local economy and community through the multiplier effect). The overall benefit of a reduction in pollution would also have to be measured using some sort of survey: it could be said that the larger the percentage of people who recognised and appreciated that there was a noticeable reduction in traffic, the greater the public benefit. There would certainly be a large increase in employment opportunities as a result of the development of a tube line in Croydon. Labour would be required for the construction, maintenance and operation of the tube line, meaning many people would need to be employed. The short term and long term effects of an increase in employment include more money being spent in the local area (by the new influx of workers), less government spending on benefits and more government revenue from taxes (if it is assumed the jobs spaces are filled by unemployed). However, it would be rather hard to measure the overall (not just monetary) benefit brought about by higher employment. In conclusion, the costs are outweighed by the benefits, as disruption would cease with the completion of the construction and pollution could be kept to the minimum with government intervention, and the reduction in congestion and higher employment would make Croydon as more pleasant and prosperous place to be. Therefore, the tube line should be extended to Croydon.

12 Angry Men | Appeal To Pity

12 Angry Men | Appeal To Pity Juror eight used Appeal to pity fallacy which was the most powerful fallacy in the film 12 Angry Men. If we want to see which of the fallacies in the film is used most effectively, we have to take a closer look at which juror did the best job. Twelve jurors gathered in a hot court room to decide if an 18-year- old young man, who had been accused of killing his father, was guilty or not. At first, eleven jurors voted for guilty and one for not guilty. Obviously, eleven jurors, who voted for guilty, had come to vote in a few minutes and go back home, but it was juror eight who convinced other jurors to change their vote. Even though 11 jurors voted for guilty, juror 8 proposed an Appeal to pity fallacy, which was used most effectively, and helped other jurors to investigate the events step by step, and convinced them to vote for not guilty. Juror eight used Appeal to pity fallacy in an effective way. He proposed the first fallacy of the film. He did not claim that the boy was not guilty in a straight way, but when he proposed an Appeal to pity fallacy, it became clear that he wanted to find a reason to convince other jurors that the boy was not guilty. As a result, when juror three asked him if he really thought the boy was innocent, Juror eight said that he did not know. After that, he explained that the boy was not guilty because he was an 18-year- old boy with a miserable past. In juror eights opinion, the boy was too young to kill his father. This is an appeal to pity fallacy because the boys age and miserable life have nothing to do with his conviction. There is an important point here. This fallacy is a positive form of an Appeal to pity fallacy because when juror eight talked about the boys past, other jurors started to think about the events and try to look at the problem in a different way. As if they did not k now anything about investigation at all, and juror eights fallacy gave them an idea to analyze all testimonies which they had heard in main court room. Moreover, he never showed any bad or rude behavior to other jurors. He was always polite. Along with these good behaviors, he was very smart. For example, before the court appointment, he had gone to investigate the neighborhood of the house. This is a kind of smart approach because it revealed an important point about switch-knife. Moreover, even though there was no advance equipment in their hot room, juror eight asked for the diagram of the building and gave an idea to other jurors to measure the time intervals of events with simple and inaccurate tools. At first, other jurors did not accept, but when they heard juror eights smart descriptions, they changed their mind. Because of juror eights smart arrangement, other jurors saw the results and add their own analysis. For example, juror nine explained about the dragging leg of the old man who testified in the court. Then, juror two talked about the stabbing angle of switch knife. After that, it was juror four who described the mechanism of the switch-knife. At last, when all pieces of the puzzle were founded, they changed their vote for not guilty. As a result, Appeal to pity, which was juror eights fallacy, was the most effective fallacy in the film. It changed the situation in favor of accused boy, and saved his life. Calm behavior and effective fallacy of Juror eight convinced juror three. Juror three was the most aggressive opponent, but juror eight finally managed to persuade him to change his vote. This is an important point because juror three never wanted to change his vote. As a result, comparing to other jurors, I was very hard for juror eight to convince juror three. If we take a closer look at juror eight and juror three and compare their behavior, we may see how well juror eight did and how effective juror eights fallacy was. During the meeting, by convincing jurors one by one, the fallacy of juror eight became more and more effective, and the juror three became more and more aggressive. In other words, when juror three saw how other jurors were convicted by juror eights smart approaches, he became more aggressive. For example, after taking preliminary vote, when Juror three talked about the facts and the neighborhood womans testimony, he seemed a very strong and logical jury, but when juror eight proposed his fallacy, juror three became nervous and attacked to juror eight and threatened him. In contrast, Juror eight did not pay any attention to juror threes aggressive behavior and convinced other jurors one by one. When juror three saw that juror eights effusive reasoning convinced others, he said he did not care. He continued his opposition and talked about his argument with his son to prove that he was right. After that, when Juror eight found out that juror eight had a bias against the accused boy, he continued his work more calmly. The calm behavior of juror eight was not tolerable for juror three. As a result, juror three become more aggressive. He revealed his main reason of opposition and showed the photo of his son. Here is an important point. Actually, this was juror threes turning point because when he tried to show the photo, he felt his valet. He was very nervous. The level of his anger showed that in response to juror eights effective fallacy, he had nothing to say. In my opinion, the calm behavior of juror eight was one of the important reasons which made juror three angry, and persuaded him to change his mind. For example, juror eight was very smart and knew that the anxiety of the juror three was based on his past. Moreover, in the middle of meeting, we may see that the argument of juror eight became more personal because he claimed that if he were the executor, he would pull the execution switch. Again, this was juror eight who did better job because his smart behavior obliged juror three to play his last card and reveal the photo of his son. At last, when other jurors left him alone, he torn the photo of his son and acknowledged that it was his whole reason. This is one of the most important moments of this film. Because it shows that the fallacy of juror eight was the most effective fallacy which managed to convince the last juror. In the end of the film, we see that juror eight completed his smart approach. He did not le ft juror three alone. He was the last juror who calmed juror three and accompanied him to left the meeting room. In my opinion, Juror eights effective fallacy step by step convicted juror three to change his vote, and the calm behavior of juror eight played an important role in this procedure. In conclusion, juror eight used an appeal to peaty fallacy, which was the most powerful fallacy in the film, to convince other jurors to change their vote. Juror eight talked about the boys past live. For example, he mentioned that the boy was eighteen years old and could not kill his father. Even though they were not relevant to boys charge, helped other jurors to think over the case, and analyze the evidence step by step. Without his leadership, other jurors did not even know what to do. Most of the jurors had come to vote in two or three minutes and go home. Juror eights fallacy gave them an idea of thinking about the details. After that, we saw that other jurors started to think about events carefully, and add their own understanding to the main incident. For example, they did various measuring time tests and made a connection between the tests. Through the discussion, other jurors convinced one another and changed their vote based on juror eights fallacy. In the end of the film, juror three was the last juror who was convinced and changed his vote for not guilty. Juror three was the most aggressive opponent, but juror eights effective fallacy convinced him to change his vote. In my opinion, this film is a sample of democracy in The United States of America. Different people from different social levels try to convince each other and make a strong verdict to save someones life.it was the fallacy of juror eight which helped others to find a solution.

Determinants of the Aggregate Inward FDI Flow to Pakistan

Determinants of the Aggregate Inward FDI Flow to Pakistan CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Overview Globalization which gave birth to the concept of interdependence of countries and their economies has been defined as the process through which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated with the assistance of global network of trade, communication and transportation. This allowed the investors to invest or transfer their capital where ever they wanted which introduced the concept of Foreign Direct Investment. Since the recent financial crisis in Asia and Latin America developing as well as newly industrialized countries have been advised to rely mainly on FDI for economic development and supplement national savings by capital inflows. Developing countries in particular are in need of investment for their development and the investment amount in majority of cases is greater than the capital internally available. Therefore, FDI has emerged as most important source of generating capital required for development of emerging countries. Currently Foreign Direct Inv estment has become one of the major sources of economic development, modernization, employment, income growth, capital generation and a channel for the transfer and access to advance technologies as well as organizational and managerial skills.Recognizing this fact, developing countries try their level best to attract as much as of FDI as they can. But attracting FDI is not that much simple, it requires huge efforts on the part of policy makers and government.Variety of factors is considered by an investor before making investment in a particular foreign country. Those were labeled as determinants of FDI, and may vary from country to country. Pakistan is currently facing a huge shortfall of capital to finance its major development projects and to run the government operations smoothly.The country requires capital to fulfill the growing needs in defense, infrastructure, education and variety of other aspects of serioussignificance to progress. Since 1990s there has been noteworthy increase in flow of capital investments to developing countries, which motivateddiscussions in literature concerning determinants of such investment flows.This trend was result of liberal trade policies, variations in economics related fundamentals of emergent countries, development of capital markets and transformations in economic conditions around the globe.This research paper tries to investigate the role of economic fundamentals in driving investment flows.Past research on the economic fundamentals as determinants of foreign direct investment divided economic fundamentals into two broad categories of pull factors and push factors. Push factors were considered as those economic fundamentals that relateto industrial or developed countries and motivate capital flows,in contrast pull factors consist of economic fundamentals of recipient countries that attract capital flows.One of the major push factors as cited in the past research was hold back of the economies of the developed countries (Calvo, 1992; Fernandez-Arias, 1996; Haque, 1997; Montiel and Reinhart, 1999).Pull factors consist of Supply of money and local productivity of the recipient country (Calvoet al., 1992; Lensink and White, 1998). Calvoet al. (1992)argued that push factors contribute more than pull factors ingrowth of capital transfer.Vita and Kyaw (2008) suggested that variations in domestic yield and productivity of the foreign country were main determinants of portfolio and FDI flows.Dunning (1993) by combining previous research on the determinants of FDI came up with à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“OLIà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? model that stated global manufacturing as function of ownership, localization and internationalization.Variety of theories have been developed regarding the determinants of FDI such as industrial organization theory, the pure trade theory, classical theory relating international investment flows, and locational factor theories.Classical theory relating the in ternational investment flow states that when return on investment crossways countries under autarchy change the investments will shift from lower to higher return providing country. Therefore, this theory assumes foreign direct investment as function of dissimilarity of return on investment.Wilhborg (1978)argued that volatility in the exchange rate would decrease the amount of portfolio investment and that had also been valid for FDI(Black, 1977). According to Kohlhagen (1977) the firms that expect devaluation in the currency of foreign country would defer its investment till the time when exporting becomes profitable. Study also concluded that the higher the exchange rate, the lower the amount of FDI because this phenomena would make exporting relatively less profitable. 1.2 Problem statement To identify the best determinants of the aggregate inward FDI flow to Pakistan. 1.3 Hypothesis This particular research primarily focused on testing the following hypothesis: H1: GDP has positive impact on FDI. H2: Infrastructure expenditure has positive impact on FDI. H3: Taxes has negative impact on FDI. H4: Inflation has negative impact on FDI. H5: GDP per capita growth has positive impact on FDI. H6: Exchange rate has positive impact on FDI. H7: Interest rate has negative impact on FDI. 1.4 Outline of the Study The first chapter of the research focuses on giving basic view of the research and provides information on the overview, issues, purpose and basic theories on the determinants of FDI. In the chapter existing work done by various researchers and past empirical studies have been discussed. The third chapter provides details regarding practical carrying out of the research and describes data collection and analysis procedures. Finally, the last chapter gives details regarding the results of the research. 1.5 Definitions All the chosenfor predicting FDI were variables that had been used in prior researchand theories relatingFDI. 1.5.1 Net Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) The net amount of foreign direct investment received by Pakistan measured in current US dollars. 1.5.2 Inflation (I) The variable represents annual change (%) in the commodities that fall in the category of CPI. 1.5.3 Interest rate (IR) The variable represents the annual rateof interest (%) offered by banks operating in Pakistan on the deposits by customers. 1.5.4 Exchange rate (ER) Measured as the rateof converting 1 US $ into Pakistani rupees (1 US $ = Rs.). 1.5.5 Infrastructure expenditure (IE) Represents the annual amount spent by government on Pakistan on the development of infrastructure in the country. The variable is measured by annual amount of Public Sector Development Program (PSDP) fund and unit of measurement was rupees in million. 1.5.6 Taxes (T) The variable represents the annual rate of tax (%) applicable on the profits of corporate companies operating in Pakistan. 1.5.7 Gross domestic product (GDP) Represents the total value of goods and services (at factor cost) produced in Pakistan measured in Rs. Million. 1.5.8 GDP per capita growth rate (GDPG) The variable represents the annual rate of growth (%) in the gross domestic product per capita, of Pakistan. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW A lot of research has already been conducted in the field of identifying the best determinants of Foreign Direct Investment by various researchers. Most of the research work conducted implies that the determinants of Foreign Direct Investment vary from country to country and from location to location. The purpose of this research is to find out the impact of Labor cost (Wage), Inflation (I),Interest rate (IR), Exchange rate (ER), Infrastructure expenditure (IE), Taxes (T), GDP and GDP per capita growth (GDPG) on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflow in Pakistan. The study hypothesizes positive relationship between GDP, GDP per capita growth, Infrastructure expenditure and Exchange rate with FDI whereas Wage, inflation, Taxes and Interest rate relate negatively with FDI. Pursuing the same objectives Kok and Ersoy (2009) conducted study that made attempt to investigatethe best determinants of FDI in developing countries. Study hypothesized and concluded that GDP, inflation, Trade, GDP per capita growth,Gross fixed capital formation and communication (telephone) are positively related with FDI whereas inflation and total debt/ GDP had negative relationship. Barrel and Pain (1996) in their empirical studies found that FDI and both the acceleration and level of GNP were positively related. In addition unit labor cost and relative capital cost also had positive relationship with outward direct investment. Research suggested that in short run funds availability affects investment timing. Research of Barrel and Pain et al.related to this particular thesis because it tried to identify probable impact of factor prices and demand across countries, as well as exchange rate expectations in determining the total level of foreign direct investment (FDI) by United States companies. According to Janeba (2002) investment costs and government credibility has significant impact on the level of inward foreign direct investment, suggesting that MNCs would prefer to invest in politically stable countries. The research also concluded that when any politically unstable country has cost advantage over other countries MNC will invest efficient amount in that particular country and will hold excess capacity elsewhere. According to the conventional wisdom lack of commitment from the government discouraged foreign direct investment in emerging countries.The research work done by Harvey (1990) focused on the macroeconomic determinants of FDI in addition to variables relating to different industry groups and tried to identify the impact of these variables on the inward FDI flow of the recipient country. Research suggested that Exchange rate and Sales had significant impact on the foreign direct investment, whereas taxes did not have any significant role in e xplaining foreign direct investment. Following bit different framework research conducted by Rolfe, Ricks, Pointer and McCarthy (1993) made an attempt to check investorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ investment decision on the basis of various investment incentives provided by countries in the Caribbean region. The study demonstrated that all inducements do not evenly plea to all investors. The investment characteristics would determine which incentives firm manager will prefer. According to the study incentives chosen by firms exporting their productsvary from those firms that sale product in local markets, companiesopening operations in a new state had different inducement preferences than firms involved in growing or purchasingprevailing operations, incentive choicesoccasionally differ by state of investment, incentives varyreliant upon the products made, large financiersselect different motivations than those preferred by smaller companies and incentive inclinations can fluctuate on yearly basis. In short the research concluded that incentive preferences can be represented as a function of the investment type, countries involved, the market positioning of the investing companies, type of products produced by the investing company, amount of the capital invested, and investment time. Terpstra and Yu (1988) tried to examine the impact of firm-specific advantages and locational factors on the foreign investment made by advertising agencies of U.S. Study focused ondetermining role of market size of recipient country, geographic nearness of recipient country, size of the investing firm, experience of investing firm in international operations, oligopolistic response and existence of homemade country clientelesoverseason FDI. The research depicted that U.S. advertising agencies prefer to invest in those foreign countries having large market size, did not discriminated countries on the basis of their geographic location, inclined to enter foreign market with bigger firm size, tended international expansion with increasing understanding of international operations, reacted oligopolistically while making foreign investment and followed client firms belonging to home country while going abroad. Additionally research found that oligopolistic reaction had stronger impact in 1984 compared to 1972, intensity of competition had significant impact on oligopolistic reaction and top agencies witnessed stronger impact of oligopolistic reaction. Another study tried to examine determinants of FDI by using macroeconomic variables but more emphasis was given to various ratios relating to capital and labor, it also used à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Heckscher-Ohlin Theoryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? which stated that a country exports those commodities that intensively use the countrys relatively abundant factors and imports those goods using its scarce factors intensively. Results indicated that countries like U.S. imported goods whose production required higher capital to labor ratio than the goods exported and when the endowment ratio of capital/labor increased the ratio of capital for each worker in import-competing production to capital for each worker in export production declined.Gopinath and Echeverria (2004) studied the association between foreign investment (FDI) and trade in mutualframework, that is, source or investing countrys exports and foreign investment toinvestment recipient country wereexaminedthrough gravity-model methodology. Results suggested that physical distance had negative impact on trade-FDI ratio, this caused nations to switch from export to FDI based manufacturing. Research also found GDP per capita to affect trade-FDI ratio positively and institutional quality strongly encouraged FDI, additionally FDI was also encouraged by regional trading agreements. The empirical study conducted by Goldberg and Kolstad (1995) stated that exchange rate instability contributed to production internationalization without depressing economic activity in the home country. Furthermore, exchange rate instability motivated the portion of investment activity situatedin foreign state. Research also suggested that exchange rate instability did not have statistically dissimilar effects on capital investment shares when distinguished between varieties of periods where real or financialvariations dictated exchange rate movement.Yin (1999) made an attempt to study the impact of tax inducements on the arrangement of a localbusinesswith respect to price, productivity, revenue, and entrance/exit, by taking into consideration technology relocation through FDI. The study concluded that if thehost countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢sà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ government providedhigher tax relief to foreign companies, this will result in rise in total yield and decrease price index whi ch will encourage more foreign businesses to move in the industry while certain present host businesses will need to departure. Research also suggested that government should be cautious in decreasing rate of taxes to attract FDI. Vita and Kyaw (2008) used empirically controllable structural VAR model for identifyingdetermining factors of investment flows and variance decomposition and impulse response analyses to examine the time-based dynamic effects of variations in both pull andpushmotivators on FDI and portfolio investments. Study suggested that variation in real variables representing economic activity for example domestic productivity and foreign output possess more power in explaining variability in investment flows to developing nations. This research developed structural VAR model to test relative importance of the determinants of disaggregated investment flows to developing countries. The study investigated the degree to which deviations in FDI and portfolio investmentswere caused by variety of pull andpush factors throughvariousperiod horizons. Studying the impact of FDI on variousfacets of local economies, containingglobal trade, employment, gross fixed capital formation, output, balance of payments(BoP) and overall welfareHejazi and Pauly (2003) found that FDI was encouraged by market access and factor price differences, and on the role of intra-firm trade. According to the research prediction of whether growth in outward FDI will increase or decrease domestic GFCF is not possible. Therefore, comparisons of such growth relative to growth in inward FDI can be a misleading indicator for policy makers. Since the impact of FDI on domestic GFCF depends on the underlying motivation for investment, and not simply on the growth in outward relative to inward FDI, the results are of interest to all countries. The implication of results stated that quickprogress in outward foreign direct investment, comparative to inward progress, should not be taken as a negative growth, butmightbe source of success. Chen (1996) suggested that capacity of the market share to expand affected inward flow ofFDI but labor cost (WAGE) does not affect FDI. Similarly foreign investing companies had utilized the natural and energy resources of Western regiondespite of low allocative efficiency in this area.Interregionalrailwaynetworksweresignificant in location preference of foreign investorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Besides that, foreign investors were reluctant in locating near state-of-the-artlocal Chinese businesses in the eastern as well as middle provinces. These results were significant because the choice of FDI location appeared to have been motivated by the presence of good transportconnections, high-tech filtering and, to some level by the capacity of the market share to expand. The choice of FDI location did not appear to have been persuaded by taking into accountlabor cost variances. According to the neoclassical model of growth, growth rate of labor as well as technological developmentwere considered as exogenous and inward Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) will lead to increase in the investment rate and which will ultimately lead to increase in the growth of per capita income but the growth effect will not last in the long run (Hsiao and Hsiao, 2006). Papanek (1973) indicatedstatistically significant negative effect of varioussorts of investment on domestic savings. Grounded on a sample of 85emerging countries, researchconcluded that foreign investment displaced national savings. Precisely, the research exhibited all types of foreign investment either in shape of aid or individual investment compressed the domestic savings. As a result the economy of the FDI recipient country went into state ofhigher dependency on foreign investment for development. The empirical studies of Cushman (1985) based U.S. bilateral FDI outflow and inflow data concluded that exchange rate variability had positive relation with set of flows.Connor (1983) conducted research which focused on inward as well as outward flow of FDI. The study divided country specific advantages into three categories FDI Probability, FDI Propensity and FDI Penetration and their impact on FDI.Larudeeand Koechlin (1999) research focused on the wages or labor costs and productivity in terms of production costs as the determinants of FDI. This research usedsweatshop labor argument that relied indirectly on assumption of simplistic trade model that assumed all of the national firms to have access to similar technology. But in contrary MNE and abundant theory acquire higher labor efficiency due to the firm related advantages MNE possess. Thediscrepancy between investing and recipient country in average manufacturing wage should therefore be an independent determinant of FDI flows. CHAPTER 3: PROPOSED METHODOLOGY 3.1 Method of Data Collection The secondary data necessarily required to perform the research was gathered from the official sites of The World Bank and The State Bank of Pakistan. Additionally, some of the required data was abstracted from the book Statistical Supplement and Yearly Book both being published under the supervision of State Bank of Pakistan. 3.2 Sample Size The data used for the purpose of research consisted of 30 years annual data of the variables used in research. Data of all the variables belonged to period starting from fiscal year 1980 to fiscal year 2010. 3.4 Research Model developed In order to test the hypothesis of the research multiple regression model was developed. The model established is similar to the research model used by Kyrkilis and Pantelidis (2003). FDI= ÃŽÂ ± + ÃŽÂ ²0GDP + ÃŽÂ ²1GDPG à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" ÃŽÂ ²2Wage- ÃŽÂ ²3I + ÃŽÂ ²4ER + ÃŽÂ ²5IE à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" ÃŽÂ ²6T à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" ÃŽÂ ²7IR +  µ Where FDI = Net amount of Foreign Direct Investment received by Pakistan Wage = Annual wages paid to a worker (Labor cost) I = Inflation,IR = Interest rate, ER = Exchange rate, IE = Infrastructure expenditure,T = Taxes, GDP = Gross domestic product,GDPG = GDP per capita growth rate. 3.3 Statistical Technique In order to test the hypothesis developed of the research the statistical technique of multiple regressionanalysis was applied. This technique was applied because both the dependent variable and independent variables were scale and under this situation the prediction power of regression analysis is stronger as compared with the other statistical techniques available. CHAPTER 4: RESULTS 4.1 Findings and Interpretation of the results The results drawn by applying Multiple Regression analysis were as follows: Table: 4.1 Model Summary Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std.Errorof the Estimate Durbin-Watson 1 .998a .996 .995 6.65146E17 2.744 The model summary table explains what amount of variance in the dependent variable is explained by the independent variables. The value of R-square is .996 which means that approximately 99.6 % of the variance of SQFDI is accounted for by the model and only .04 % of the variance remains unexplained. Independent variables were square of Infrastructure Expenditure (PSDP Fund), Interest Rate (IR), Inflation (I) and Exchange Rate (ER) and the dependent variablewas Square of Net Foreign Direct Investment (SQFDI). Table: 4.2 ANOVA Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 2.524E39 4 6.310E38 1426.142 .000a Residual 1.106E37 25 4.424E35 Total 2.535E39 29 The Anova table explains the model fit, sig. value of .000 suggests F-test to be significant, and therefore the model is statistically significant. When the sig. value in the Anova table is less than .05 the model fit is good and regression can be applied on the data. Table: 4.3 Coefficients Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. Collinearity Statistics B Std. Error Beta Tolerance VIF 1 (Constant) -9.595E17 7.703E17 -1.246 .224 Inflation -8.806E16 3.960E16 -.037 -2.224 .035 .640 1.562 Interest Rate 2.047E17 6.261E16 .045 3.270 .003 .920 1.086 Exchange rate -5.646E16 9.021E15 -.125 -6.259 .000 .440 2.273 IE 1.654E8 3349513.619 1.094 49.392 .000 .356 2.809 The co-efficients table shows the significance of individual independent variable in explaining the dependent variable. In the final model square of Infrastructure Expenditure (PSDP Fund), Interest Rate (IR), Inflation (I) and Exchange Rate (ER) were the statistically significant variables.The effect of Inflation (Standardized B= -.037, P =.035) is statistically significant havingnegative coefficientdemonstrating that largerthe value of inflation rate, the lower the Foreign Direct Investment. The value of beta indicates that 1 unit increase in inflation will decrease FDI by .037units. Similarly, the effect of Interest Rate (Standardized B= .045, P =.003) is significant and its coefficient is positive indicating that the greater the value of interest rate, the higher the amount of FDI received. The value of beta indicates that 1 unit increase in interest rate will increase FDI by .045units. Next, the effect of Exchange Rate (Standardized B= -.125, P =.000) is statistically significant havingnegative coefficientdemonstrating that larger the value of exchange rate, the lower the amount of FDI. The value of beta indicates that 1 unit increase in exchange rate will decrease FDI by .125units. Finally, the effect of Infrastructure Expenditure (Standardized B= 1.094, P =.000) is also statisticallysignificant having positive coefficient indicating that the greater the amount spent by government as infrastructure expenditure, the higher the amount of FDIreceived. The value of beta indicates that 1 unit increase in amount of infrastructure expenditure will lead to an increase of 1.094 units in FDI. Empirical Model Developed FDI = 1.094 InfrastructureExpenditure + .045 Interest Rate .125 Exchange Rate .037 Inflation 4.2 Hypothesis Assessment Summary Hypothesis ÃŽÂ ² Sig. E.C H1: GDP has positive impact on FDI .089 .560 Reject H2: Infrastructure expenditure has positive impact on FDI 1.094 .000 Accept H3: Taxes has negative impact on FDI Reject H4: Inflation has negative impact on FDI -.037 .035 Accept H5:GDP per capita growth has positive impact on FDI .001 .962 Reject H6: Exchange rate has positive impact on FDI -.125 .000 Reject H7: Interest rate has negative impact on FDI .045 .003 Reject CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION, IMPLICATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH 5.1 Conclusion Foreign direct invest being the most important factor in the development of developing countries likewise Pakistan. From recent years there has been great fight going on among LDCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s from all over the world to attract higher amount of FDI to fuel their economic growth. This research was intended to find out the impact of macroeconomic variables including GDP, GDP per capita growth rate, Interest rate, Inflation rate, Wage rate, Exchange rate, Tax rate and Infrastructure expenditure (PSDP fund) on the inflow of Foreign Direct Investment in Pakistan.The relationship between labor cost (Wage) and FDI could not be established because insufficient data was available on the annual wage rate in the country. GDP, GDP per capita growth rate and Tax rate were statistically insignificant in contributing in the final model.The most significant variables in the model were Inflation rate and Exchange rate; both had negative relation with FDI inflow having beta of -8.806 and-5.646 r espectively.Interest rate and Infrastructure expenditure (PSDP fund) were positively related with FDI inflow having beta of 2.047 and 1.654 respectively. 5.2 Discussion Accordingto results derived from the research inflation had negative impact on FDI as found by (Kok and Erosy, 2003). Contradictory to the studies of Kok and Erosyet al. andAsiedu (2002) that found positive impact of GDP per capita growth rate on inward flow of FDI but in case of Pakistan GDP per capita growth rate proved insignificant.Results regarding the impact ofinfrastructure on FDI were similar to those established by Asiedu (2002)but the impact of tax rate was conflicting. The results regarding the impact of exchange rate on FDI were consistent with those found by (Cushman,1985).Terpstra and Yu (1988) and Weinstein (1977) found positiveimpact of GDP on FDI but according to the results of this study GDP was statistically insignificant in explaining variation in FDI.Finally, the results regarding the impact of interest rate on FDI were consistent with those found by (Fernandez-Arias, 1996). 5.3 Implications and Recommendations Pakistan belongs to category of countries those currently face huge deficit of resources to finance its major growth projects and to manage the government operations smoothly.This research paper made attempt to explore those factors that in particular have direct impact on the inward FDI flow of the country.Results of the research show that exchange rate and inflation were negatively related with FDI and had statistically significant impact on the FDI received by the country. Therefore, the government of Pakistan should try to control the rate of inflation and fluctuations in the exchange rate and keep it at minimum possible level inorder to assist the increase in inflow flow of FDI.Similarly, infrastructure expenditure and interest rate were found to be positively related with inflow of FDI, keeping this in mind government should increase its spending on the development of infrastructure within the country. Following these strategies the government would be able to attract higher am ount of FDI. 5.4 Future Research Generally speaking determinants of foreign direct investment could consist of variety of factors other than some macroeconomic variables discussed in this particular research paper. The most common of those that previously have been studied were political factors including political stability, level of corruption, structure of the industry, market openness and variety of other factors impact the foreign direct investment received by any specific country. But talking in the Asian scenario cheap labor has been one of the major determinants of the inward FDI flow but unfortunately data regarding labor cost (wage) could not be collected and the impact of labor cost on FDI in case of Pakistan remained unidentified. Therefore, great deal of research could be done in order to identify those variables that have an impact on FDI.

The Dungeon :: essays research papers

When the game starts, you will be caged and tortured by â€Å"The Master†. After the short intro sequence, Imoen will enter the room. She broke out of her cage and has come to free you. At this point, you need to try to escape this dungeon. Alone the way, the story unfolds... (1) In the room with the Cages, Speak with Minsc. You will want to insult him and his Hamster friend a few times. He will become so mad that he will break himself out of his cage. After he has done this, you need to sooth him by being friendly (no more insults). If you are mean to him after he frees himself, he may not join your group. You can try to free Jaheira from her cage, but the door is locked solid. Do not try to anger her. She will not find any hidden strength to break herself out. Instead she will â€Å"snob† you and not join the group. In fact, do not even make hints about leaving her behind. (2) You will need to find a key to get Jaheira out of her cage. Locate the Jailkeep Golem in the room near the cell that you were in . In the chest in this room you will find armor for your guys (or girls) to wear. Behind the picture in the room, you will find a dagger+1 and some health potions. You will need to have Imoen disarm the trap and pick the lock on the picture. On the table in the center of this room you will find some weapons for your guys and the key to Jaheira’s cage. (3) Once you have your group free, enter the hallway to the south of your old cage. You will find a room with a lightning machine that is producing lightning Mephits. On the side of the room you will find a shutoff switch. Shutdown the lightning machine and then continue ahead. (4) You will come to a room with large scattered around. In the center of this room, Aataquh the Djinni will be waiting to meet you. He will want to ask you a question. You can refuse to answer it, but there is no fun in that. If you answer â€Å"I would push the button†, then Aataquh will summon an ogre mage to fight you, and you will gain a positive (good) appearance to your group. If you select â€Å"I would not push it†, you will fight a goblin and gain a negative (evil) appearance to your group.

J.B.Priestley’s play, An Inspector Calls :: English Literature

An inspector calls is a play written by J.B Priestley in 1945. However, the play is set in 1912. The main themes of the play are lies, love, guilt, pride, status and responsibility. An inspector calls is a play written by J.B Priestley in 1945. However, the play is set in 1912. The main themes of the play are lies, love, guilt, pride, status and responsibility. This play was set in 1912 because it gave the audience a more dramatic impression of the rapport between the rich and the poor. Throughout the play, we can see that Priestley is a socialist. The audience knows that the message he is trying to put across is that we are a community and responsible for each other. We also know that the predictions Birling makes at the beginning of the play seemed to fail. He says, â€Å"†¦you’ll hear some people say that war’s inevitable. And to that I say-fiddlesticks!† which means that he thought there wasn’t going to be a war. This prediction failed because the World War I happened in 1914. This let down Mr. Birling's certainty. Another example in which Mr. Birling's predictions failed was when he said, â€Å"the Titanic †¦unsinkable, absolutely unsinkable.† We all know that the Titanic did sink and proved him erroneous again. An impressive contrast between the young and old generation is shown in the play aswell. We can see that after the so-called inspector left, the younger people such as Sheila's perspective about society changed whereas the older people such as Birling's didn’t. The character of Arthur Birling in the play is that of a very shrewd, selfish and hard-headed businessman. He has very defined views on life and other people. For example, he says, â€Å"†¦if you don’t come down sharply on these people, they’d soon be asking for the earth.† Mr. Birling is extremely self-centred and he feels that he has nothing to do with the community. We know this when he says things like, â€Å"a man has to mind his own business and look after himself and his own.† The repetition of the word â€Å"own† shows that he is too absorbed in himself. He isn’t even concerned about the workers in his factory leave alone the society. We know this because he says, â€Å"we were paying the usual rates and if they didn’t like those rates, they could go work somewhere else.† All through the play we can see that the character of Birling completely opposes the character of the so-called inspector Goole. Also, we can see that Priestley is a socialist and he portrays it through the character of the inspector. J.B.Priestley’s play, An Inspector Calls :: English Literature An inspector calls is a play written by J.B Priestley in 1945. However, the play is set in 1912. The main themes of the play are lies, love, guilt, pride, status and responsibility. An inspector calls is a play written by J.B Priestley in 1945. However, the play is set in 1912. The main themes of the play are lies, love, guilt, pride, status and responsibility. This play was set in 1912 because it gave the audience a more dramatic impression of the rapport between the rich and the poor. Throughout the play, we can see that Priestley is a socialist. The audience knows that the message he is trying to put across is that we are a community and responsible for each other. We also know that the predictions Birling makes at the beginning of the play seemed to fail. He says, â€Å"†¦you’ll hear some people say that war’s inevitable. And to that I say-fiddlesticks!† which means that he thought there wasn’t going to be a war. This prediction failed because the World War I happened in 1914. This let down Mr. Birling's certainty. Another example in which Mr. Birling's predictions failed was when he said, â€Å"the Titanic †¦unsinkable, absolutely unsinkable.† We all know that the Titanic did sink and proved him erroneous again. An impressive contrast between the young and old generation is shown in the play aswell. We can see that after the so-called inspector left, the younger people such as Sheila's perspective about society changed whereas the older people such as Birling's didn’t. The character of Arthur Birling in the play is that of a very shrewd, selfish and hard-headed businessman. He has very defined views on life and other people. For example, he says, â€Å"†¦if you don’t come down sharply on these people, they’d soon be asking for the earth.† Mr. Birling is extremely self-centred and he feels that he has nothing to do with the community. We know this when he says things like, â€Å"a man has to mind his own business and look after himself and his own.† The repetition of the word â€Å"own† shows that he is too absorbed in himself. He isn’t even concerned about the workers in his factory leave alone the society. We know this because he says, â€Å"we were paying the usual rates and if they didn’t like those rates, they could go work somewhere else.† All through the play we can see that the character of Birling completely opposes the character of the so-called inspector Goole. Also, we can see that Priestley is a socialist and he portrays it through the character of the inspector.

Thomas v. Indiana Employment Security

Whether the State's denial of unemployment compensation benefits to the petitioner, who terminated his job because his religious beliefs prohibited him from participating in the production of armaments, constituted a violation of his First Amendment right to free exercise of religion Facts: Petition Thomas was a Jehovah’s witness who worked at the Blaw-Knox Foundry & Machinery Co. He was initially hired to work in the roll foundry until he was transferred to another department that fabricated turrets for military tanks.Since his main function was related to the production of weapons he asked that he be transferred to another department. Having found out that all of the remaining departments at Blaw-Knox were weapons related he asked for a lay-off from his company. When this was denied, he quit from his job arguing that he could not work on weapons without violating the principles of his religion. After leaving his employment he asked for unemployment compensation from the Indi ana Employment Security.During his hearing, he declared that he thought that contributing to the production of arms violated his religion. The hearing referee concluded that Thomas’ religious belief precluded him from producing or aiding directly in the manufacture of items used in warfare. The referee however denied him his benefits on the ground that his termination from employment was not based on good cause in connection with his work as required by the Indiana statute. The Board adopted the referee’s ruling and denied the benefits.On appeal, the Indiana Court of Appeals reversed the decision of the board and ruled that the subject Indiana statute improperly burdened Thomas’ right to free exercise his religion. The Supreme Court of Indiana vacated the decision of the Court of Appeals and denied Thomas his benefits Decision: The State's denial of unemployment compensation benefits to petitioner violated his First Amendment right to free exercise of religion R easons/Rationale In arriving at this conclusion, the Supreme Court first had to answer the question whether Thomas indeed quit his employment due to religion.It is well-settled that only beliefs rooted in religion are protected by the Free Exercise Clause. According to the Supreme Court, the determination however of what is a religious belief or practice is more often than not a difficult and delicate task. The Supreme Court found that Thomas resigned from employment because he thought that production of arms violated his religion. In this case, the referee had found that Thomas quit his employment due to his religious convictions. This was affirmed by the Review Board.The Indiana Supreme Court however concluded that Thomas had merely made a personal philosophical choice rather than a religious choice. It must be stressed that religious belief is not reduced to a philosophical choice merely because there are differences among the faithful in their interpretation of their scripture. The fact therefore that a colleague did not consider production of weapons as a serious violation of their religions should not affect Thomas’ reason for quitting his employment. It is also immaterial and insignificant if the faithful is having difficulty articulating his views.The free exercise of religion protected by the First Amendment is not limited to beliefs which are shared by all of the members. Having disposed of the first question, the second question is whether the statute violated the free exercise of religion by Thomas. According to the Supreme Court, it is well-settled that when the state requires that certain conduct is mandated by a religious faith be first complied with before a benefit is received or when it denies such a benefit because of failure to comply with such conduct, the state is in effect placing a burden upon religion.In this case, if we are to uphold the interpretation given on the Indiana statute then we are in effect stating that the employee should not resign for religious grounds otherwise he will not be entitled to benefits. Although the compulsion exercised by the state in this case is indirect, the infringement upon free exercise is nonetheless substantial. This however does not mean that the state cannot restrict the free exercise of religion. If there are more compelling interest which could justify the state from restricting the free exercise of religion then the burden may be allowed.The ends, however, do not justify the means. In this case, the reasons behind the enactment of the statute do not justify violation of the free exercise of religion. There is no evidence that will prove that the number of people who find themselves in the predicament of choosing between benefits and religious beliefs is large enough to create widespread unemployment or even to seriously affect unemployment which is feared by the lower courts. There is therefore no interest more important than the free exercise of religion.Neither i s there any merit on the argument that to compel the payment of benefits to Thomas will amount to fostering a religious faith. The grant of benefits given to Thomas is a mere affirmation of the obligation of the state to become neutral in matters of the religious faith of the people. Dissenting Opinion of Justice Rehnquist Justice Rehnquist declared that the conclusion of the majority that the State of Indiana is constitutionally required to provide direct financial assistance to a person solely because of his religious beliefs actually adds mud to the already muddied waters of the First Amendment.According to him this declaration of the majority is clearly erroneous as it does not resolve the tension between the Free Exercise Clause and the Establishment Clause of the constitution. It is the contention of Justice Rehnquist that the majority read the Free Exercise Clause too broadly. Although it upheld the free exercise of religion by Thomas, it however in effect violated the requir ements of the Establishment Clause by preferring religion over another.

Confusion and Anxiety in Robert Frost’s Poems Essay

During his lifetime, Robert Frost wrote poems that relate the confusion, anxiety, and struggles of the human mind. In his poems, he depicts how people’s minds may be imbued by confusion and anxiety as they experience pain and explore life’s possibilities. Particularly, in â€Å"The Road Not Taken† and â€Å"Acquainted with the Night,† the poet illustrates how thee two themes can lead a person to attempt to escape reality and give up one’s life. The two poems share similar elements, one of which is the persona. Both poems form the image of a confused person, someone filled with much anxiety. In â€Å"The Road Not Taken,† the author makes an analogy between the persona’s situation in the woods and real life decisions one has to make in life. As the persona chooses between the two roads in front of him, he wants some assurance that the road or decision he will make is right. Seeing that both roads look the same, he is quite confused which one to take. Nonetheless, he takes the road which he describes to be untraveled. Likewise, the persona in â€Å"Acquainted with the Night† suffers from confusion; but unlike the other, his confusion is worse and more intense, somehow similar to a dilemma. The way the author presents this is also climactic. First, he mentions the journey that he has taken, â€Å"I have walked out in rain — and back in rain. I have outwalked the furthest city light. I have looked down the saddest city lane. (2-4) These journeys have made the persona weary and confused, which is why he claims to have been â€Å"acquainted with the night. † The night in the first stanza refers to the different images of the night that people are usually aware of. As he reveals in his journeys, there is the image of night based on its literal meaning, the image of night as the darkness or confusion, then there is also the image relating to sorrow and emptiness. As the two poems relate the journeys they take, the time element of the poems becomes significant. In the first poem, the persona describes a momentary confusion that could affect his lifetime. The decision he makes that time would reveal other realities he will face in the future. This shows the tendency of the persona to persevere and move on, despite obstructions along the road. In contrast, the persona in the second poem imparts a confused state that has long existed. As he reveals, he has been to many places, and has experienced a lot of sadness, thus he has been â€Å"acquainted with the night. † This ailing confusion makes him decide to stop, as he relates, â€Å"I have stood still and stopped the sound of feet. † This shows the desire of the persona to stop the confusion, or end the sorrow, which similarly suggests a desire for death. This is the very reason why the first line is repeated in the last stanza: to establish a different meaning of â€Å"night. † The luminary clock in line 12 is time itself, with all its abstractness. As it declares that â€Å"time was neither wrong nor right,† it tells the persona that it is not yet the right time for him to die, and in fact, it cannot declare whether it is the wrong time either for no one can actually predict death. Notably, as the persona confronts all these confusions, he implies the desire to discontinue, unlike the other persona who is more optimistic about his fate. As the personas in the poem think about their present struggles, they experience some anxieties. In the first poem, the persona expresses his anxiety regarding the road ahead of him, â€Å"I doubted if I should ever come back. † (15) In the real sense, he is anxious of the challenges he needs to face in life as he takes the untraveled road. In the second poem, the persona shows anxiety regarding sorrow and death. As he desires and waits for death to come, he apprehends and takes note of its coming in another person’s house â€Å"far away an interrupted cry came over houses from another street. † (8-9) It is not clear how the persona feels about his failure to die, but this thought adds up to his anxieties. The themes of confusion and anxiety are commonly illustrated in the two poems based on the mental processes that the personas undergo. As both personas undergo these experiences, there shows a tendency to digress or escape their present confusion. In the first poem, the persona wishes to elude the road he has taken but realizes there is no turning back while in the other, the persona tries to escape his sorrows by welcoming death. As both personas fail to give up their present realities, the author intentionally imparts a unified message to his readers; that is, no matter how confusing or challenging life is, taking up our journey is still the wisest option. Works Cited Frost, Robert. â€Å"Acquainted with the Night. † 1923. In New Hampshire. 12 May 2009 . Frost, Robert. â€Å"The Road Not Taken. † (n. d. ). Poets. org. 12 May 2009 .

The Negotiation Strategies In International Business Commerce Essay

In concern relationships, parties negotiate because they think they can act upon the procedure in such a manner that they can acquire a better trade than merely accepting or rejecting what the other party is offering. Ghauri ( 2003 ) says concern dialogue is a voluntary procedure of spring and take where both parties modify their offers and outlooks in order to come closer to each other. In literature, sometimes â€Å" bargaining † and â€Å" dialogue † are used interchangeably. Negotiation, besides called â€Å" integrative bargaining † , refers to win-win dialogue where both or all parties involved can stop up with every bit good or attractive results. In other words, everyone can win. It is more related to a problem-solving attack, where both parties involved perceive the procedure of dialogue as a procedure to happen a solution to a common job. In integrative bargaining nevertheless, if dialogues are non decently handled, both parties can stop up with a jointly inferior trade. With dialogue, it is possible for both parties to accomplish their aims and one party ‘s addition is non dependent upon the other party ‘s grant. Business dialogue is considered by many writers as being this type of dialogue. The power/dependence relation is another basic feature of all dialogue processes. It is closely related to the existent power relation, which is influenced by the value of the relationship to the parties and their available options. Background factors for illustration the market place – can act upon the power/dependence relation. The ability to command a relationship is related to the sensed power of two parties, their comparative expertness and entree to information. This power is a belongings of the relationship and non an property of the histrion ; in fact, it is closely related to dependance. Therefore, the power relationship is in balance if both parties perceive equal power. The power relationship is imbalanced if one of the parties perceives more power, or if one party is dependent on the other. The dramatic growing of international trade over the last five decennaries has been non merely in footings of volume but in complexness every bit good. International sellers are now more and more concern negotiants, who invariably discuss trades across boundary lines with a assortment of people, runing from consumers to mediators and even rivals. Technology frequently plays a major function in such trades and this could misdirect people into believing that the whole dialogue procedure is chiefly an applied scientists ‘ treatment based on rational and scientific facts. In fact, proficient complexness intermingles with human complexness to render such dialogue processes hard to pull off. A considerable sum of literature is available on dialogues, some of it besides on concern dialogues but the field of international concern dialogues is rather neglected. Strategic Negotiations. Richard Walton etal,1994 identify three primary dialogues schemes. These are â€Å" forcing, † â€Å" fosterage, † and â€Å" flight. † Each represents an overarching form of interaction that characterizes the dialogues. A scheme does non emerge all at one time, but over clip as a consequence of consistent forms of interaction. A forcing scheme by and large involves taking a â€Å" distributive † or win/lose attack to the dialogues, combined with a â€Å" divide and conquer † attack to internal dealingss in the other side, and an attitudinal attack that emphasizes uncertainness and misgiving. By contrast, a fosterage scheme by and large involves taking an â€Å" integrative † or win/win attack to the dialogues, combined with a â€Å" consensus † attack to internal dealingss in both sides, and an attitudinal attack that emphasizes openness and apprehension. â€Å" Escape † is a non-negotiations scheme in w hich one or more parties seek to stop or undersell the relationship. Dietmeyer and Kaplan ( 2004 ) utilize a research-based attack to dialogue that assists gross revenues professionals in making their ain concern ends, while guaranting that their clients run into budget and professional aims as well-going beyond win-win to accomplish true, mensurable concern value for all parties at the negociating tabular array. Power and Diplomacy Power. Susan Strange ( 1998 ) brings out that power accrues to those who can offer or deny security ; those who manage the creative activity of wealth by production ; those who create recognition to let or deny other people to pass today and pay back tomorrow ; those who ( myocardial infarction ) manage the currency in which recognition is denominated ; those who have knowledge ( advanced engineering ) which provides military high quality and laterality in other power constructions. John De La Mothe ( 2002 ) , argues that scientific discipline, engineering and invention have long been cardinal factors in the competitory advantage of states. Today, nevertheless, the new international political economic system is being progressively driven by scientific discipline and engineering in new ways. Integration, globalisation and internationalisation have all become war cries for a series of dynamic procedures in which scientific discipline and engineering are profoundly concerned. As a conse quence, non merely are the policies of â€Å" national † authoritiess being exposed in footings of the bounds of their sovereignty, but scientific discipline and engineering are being progressively implicated in a broad array of public issues – runing from security, privateness, development and economic growing to employment, environment, foreign policy and geopolitics. Clearly, in today ‘s rising universe, the ways in which authoritiess organize their scientific discipline and engineering policy, their scientific discipline and engineering intelligence, and their research advisory constructions and resources matter more today than of all time before. Diplomacy. James Rosenau was one of the first to propose that the domestic and international are someway ‘linked ‘ and elaborated upon what he termed ‘linkage political relations ‘ ( 1969 ) . Scholars concentrating on the regional impact of domestic political relations are Karl Deutsch ( 1957 ) and Ernst Haas ( 1958 ) . Haas high spots two types of ‘spillover. ‘ The first type, functional spillover, occurs when cooperation in certain sectors of the economic system ( or society ) creates technocratic force per unit area for cooperation in bordering sectors, thereby impeling integrating frontward. The 2nd type, political spillover, occurs when ongoing cooperation in certain countries empowers supranational functionaries to move as informal political enterprisers in other countries. In order to pull off complex technocratic issues more efficaciously, rational authoritiess must depute discretion to experts, Judgess and administrative officials, thereby making powerful new supranational histrions with an involvement in cooperation. Graham Allison in Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis ( 1971 ) excessively, speaks of an ‘overlap ‘ between international and domestic political relations. In State Power and the Structure of International Trade, Krasner argues that that openness in the universe economic system is most likely to happen â€Å" during periods when a hegemonic province is in its dominance † . Equally long as the province ‘s technological lead is increasing, its leading will comprehend economic advantages to openness, since openness will spread out markets for the merchandises of its technologically sophisticated industries. The hegemon will besides derive politically, since the â€Å" chance costs of closing † will be low, comparative to those confronting smaller and poorer provinces. Conversely, when several big, unevenly developed provinces coexist, Krasner predicts that the more backward provinces will happen openness economically and politically dearly-won and will therefore resist it. Greater trade closing will, hence, consequence ( Keohane 1997 ) . Like Gilpin before him, Krasner excessively stresses on the influence of the Ã¢â‚¬Ë œ strength ‘ of the province on international trade. The important point is the correlativity between what occurs within a province is related to what occurs beyond province boundaries. Robert Putnam in Diplomacy and Domestic Politicss: The Logic of Two Level Games ( 1988 ) argues that domestic constructions and diplomatic negotiations are endlessly entangled and says that the negotiant is under force per unit area to accommodate domestic and international struggles. Putnam ‘s work challenges the ‘level of analysis ‘ attack to analyzing international dealingss which stresses the importance of sorting informations under three bunchs: the systemic, national and the person ( Singer 1961 ) . Mayer ( 1991 ) develops a theoretical account to research the deductions of domestic political divisions for international strategic battle in international trade. He explores the topic by handling international trade as a game and placing the participants and analyzing how they play. The observation that there are several overlapping games being played, a few of them being strategic and others non, is important. Policies such as duty, quotas, and export and produc tion subsidies are the tools used by the participants to derive an advantage in the international strategic trade game ( Krugman 1986 ) . Work on ‘strategic trade policy ‘ physiques on game theoretical theoretical accounts which analyse how provinces use trade policies to leverage their economic public presentation. India and Nanotechnology ( The literature study included, amongst others, a perusing of one-year studies of GOI MOD, DST, CSIR, TIFAC, CII ; back issues ( app 3years ) of Business universe, New Scientist, Hindu Businessline and Business Today. ) GOI enterprises include DST launched Nano Science and Technology Initiative ( NSTI ) with an allotment of Rs. 1000 crore, Government has spent about Rs. 250 crore, over the past five old ages to advance R & A ; D in the country of nanotechnology. 100 research undertakings on the synthesis and assembly of ceramic nanoparticles, nano tubings, nano wires, nanoporous solids, and DNA french friess have been supported by the Government. CII Enterprises have resulted in ; India-UK Joint Economic and Trade Cooperation, Indo-US High Technology Cooperation Group ( HTCG ) , Nanotechnology partnership with Taiwan, a figure of Nanotechnology Conclaves, Nanotechnology Cluster-CMTI, Jharkhand Nanotechnology Initiative, West Bengal Nano Park etc. CII is working closely with the Government of India on US India High-Technology Cooperation Group ( HTCG ) formed on November 2002. The HTCG acts to ease and advance bilateral high-technology trade. The focal point countries of the nucleus group include Information Technology, Defense, Life Sciences and Nanotechnology. Gaining the potency of nanotechnology, HTCG working group on Nanotechnology is formed to ease seamless flow of cognition between both the states and joint development undertakings affecting industries. The Confederation of Indian Industry ( CII ) has put together a 10-point action program to authorise Indian industry to come out with commercial nanotechnology merchandises, which it believes will drive the hereafter of industry worldwide. The action program includes awareness creative activity, preparation and accomplishments development, engineering facilitation and networking and easing collaborative undertakings. The Nano Science and Technology Consortium works to make a platform conducive for the growing, publicity and partnering in the field of Nano Science and Technology taking together industries, faculty members and authorities through consultative, consultative and educative procedures which will supply growing platform for organisations, faculty members and authoritiess for tackling the Nano potency at Global degree. Companies like Samsung have already entered the Indian market with a scope of merchandises utilizing nanotechnology such as icebox, rinsing machine and air-cooler. Samsung uses nano-silver in assorted composings in its merchandise scope. Further, companies like Tata Steel, Tata Chemicals, Mahindra & A ; Mahindra, Nicholas Piramal and Intel have invested around $ 250 million in the domestic market towards this terminal. Yash Nanotech has inked understandings with IIT Mumbai, NCL Pune and the Jawaharlal Nehru Centre of Advanced Research, Bangalore, to set about planetary contract research and set up nanotech fabrication installations. Civil Applications. These can be grouped under four caputs, viz. , sensing, including imagination, detectors and detector webs for the sensing of pathogens and chemicals ; protection, including decontamination equipment and filters, and personal protection ; designation, including anti-counterfeiting and hallmark, forensics, quantum cryptanalysis and the market for forgery and gray goods ; social impacts, including current regulative and ethical models, possible impacts on moralss and human rights, and public perceptual experience. Application in the field of medical specialty is one of the most absorbing countries that include new malignant neoplastic disease therapies, drug bringing systems, and biomaterials for implants or prosthetic device or diagnostic tools, which are under development or already in market. An of import country of application of nanotechnology includes fresh drug bringing techniques, which are quicker & A ; less hazardous, compared to the costs of developing new drugs. Military Applications. These besides flow out from civil applications in countries like ; higher public presentation platforms ( aircraft, ships, bombers, boats and orbiters ) , enhanced feeling through more sensitive and selective detectors, enhanced human public presentation, information laterality through enhanced information engineering, improved battleground casualty direction, lower life rhythm costs with improved stuffs, coatings, and condition-based care etc. Stake holders. The assorted interest holders include ; authoritiess, Industry, Entrepreneurs, R & A ; D, Institutions, Academic Research Institutions, and Society. Case Studies. These can be subdivided into those which pertain to PSUs, R & A ; D constitutions and Defense and the private sector endeavors. The private sector industries which can be studied for dialogues ensuing in assorted types of partnerships/JVs/MOUs/TOTs etc. are listed below: – Measuring devices & A ; equipments: Bharat Heavy Electrical Ltd, Icon Analytical equipment. Ltd. , Veeco.Health Care: Dabur Research Foundation, Bharat Biotech International Ltd. , Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd. Materials processing: Tata Chemicals, Pune. Reliance India Limited. Car: Mahindra & A ; Mahindra, Tata Motors, United Nanotechnologies Pvt. Ltd. Electronics: Bharat Electronics Ltd, SemIndia Systems, Samtel India.